Orchids Species, one of the most diverse and fascinating plant families, thrive in the rich ecosystems of Madhya Pradesh. With 89 species across 34 genera, these orchids contribute significantly to the region’s biodiversity. From the epiphytic Aerides multiflorum to the terrestrial Habenaria marginata, these species not only enhance the natural beauty of reserves like Kanha but also play vital ecological roles. However, they face threats from habitat loss and climate change, making conservation efforts crucial for their survival.
WHAT ARE ORCHIDS?
Orchids, members of the family Orchidaceae, are one of the largest and most diverse groups of flowering plants. They are distinguished by their complex flowers, which typically have three sepals and three petals, with one petal modified into a lip or labellum. Orchids are classified based on various characteristics such as growth habits (epiphytic, terrestrial, or lithophytic), flower structure, and molecular taxonomy.
TOP 10 SPECIES OF ORCHIDS IN MADHYA PRADESH
In the state of Madhya Pradesh, orchids are found in various habitats, including forests and hills. Species such as Dendrobium, Vanda, and Aerides are among the orchids documented in the region, adding to its rich floral diversity. Total of 89 species belonging from 34 genus are documented (Ram pal et al).
The Kanha Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh is known to have several orchid species, adding to the reserve’s biodiversity and natural beauty. Species such as Aerides multiflorum and Oncidium sp. are among the orchids documented within the reserve, highlighting their importance in maintaining healthy ecosystems.
Source: Species of orchids documented in Kanha Tiger Reserve (Dr. R.K.Pandey & Mr Pankaj Namdeo in flora of kanha tiger reserve:2009)
- Aerides multiflorum, an epiphyte grows 10-20 cm. Its axillary flowers bloom in July and fruits till March. They are occasionally found on trunks of Shorea robusta (sal), Maduca longifolia (mahua), Mangifera India (aam), and sometimes on Diospyros sp. Abundant in parks.
- Habenaria commenlifolia, a terrestrial herb, grows up to 50 cm. Its spiked white coloured flowers can be seen in August – September. It is rare in sal canopy but found in open areas. Documented in Kanha and Mukki zones.
- Habenaria furcifera, a terrestrial herb grows 30-60 cm. It is tuberous and flowers in LAX and long recemes. It is seen during September and is documented from kiski and rare.
- Habenaria marginata, terrestrial herb, grows up to 20-30 cm near marshy habitat in open grasslands. It has yellow coloured flowers in LAX and are best seen from August to November. Documented from Kanha and Mukki.
- Malaxis rheedii, a terrestrial herb, small sized plant with yellow stem covered in sheath, long erect yellow colored flowers. It is rare in distribution but documented from Kanha zone from August to October.
- Nervilia aragoana, a terrestrial herb, grows up to 15cm and flowers in June on leafless LAX. Flowers are green and tiny and rarely noticed. Distribution is rare and documented from Mukki.
- Oberonia falconeri, an epiphyte herb, grows on sal, tendu, and dead trees. It has yellow colored flowers with oblong lanceolate sub fulcate leaves. They are found in August. Documented from Supkhar.
- Vanda tessellata, an epiphyte fleshy herb. The flowers are colorful and sparsely distributed. They are best seen from May to August, documented from Kanha zone.
- Vanda testacea, an epiphyte herb, yellow colored flowers grows on trees of sal and other tree species. Documented from Kanha , Mukki and Supkhar ranges. Best seen in August to October.
- Zeuxine strateumatica, an terrestrial herb grows up to 20 cm. These are characterized by fleshy stem, acute alternate leaves, and white coloured flowers worls. Distribution is common and are best seen from December to March.
Orchids hold significant economic value in horticulture, floristry, and perfume industries worldwide. Their exquisite blooms and longevity make them highly sought after for ornamental purposes, contributing to tourism and local economies in regions where they are cultivated. Ex vanilla extract from Vanilla planifolia.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ORCHIDS
Orchids play vital ecological roles as indicators of habitat health and biodiversity. Many orchid species form symbiotic relationships with fungi, aiding in nutrient uptake, while others rely on specific pollinators for reproduction. Their presence often signifies the presence of healthy ecosystems, making them essential components of conservation efforts. Orchids are sensitive to microhabitat changes.
Pollination in orchids is a fascinating process, often involving specialized adaptations to attract specific pollinators. Some orchids mimic female insects to lure males for pollination, while others utilize fragrance and color to attract bees, butterflies, or birds. Unique mechanisms like pollinia ensure efficient transfer of pollen for successful reproduction. Pollina are pollens coated in waxy substance which are not air-borne and are hypoallergenic.
MEDICINAL USE OF ORCHIDS
Orchids have a long history of medicinal use in traditional medicine systems. Compounds extracted from orchids are being studied for their potential therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Orchids have a great significance in ayurveda for its medicinal values, traditional Chyawanprash has integral ingredients of four species of orchids often referred as Aathavergha. Anti -AIDS medicine also do contain extract of few of the species of orchids.
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THREATS TO ORCHID SPECIES
Threats to orchids include habitat loss, deforestation, illegal trade, and climate change. Many orchid species are endangered or threatened due to these factors, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect their habitats and populations.
CONSERVATION OF ORCHIDS
Conservation initiatives for orchids involve habitat preservation, cultivation programs and legal protections to prevent over-exploitation. Botanical gardens, research institutions and governmental agencies work together to conserve orchid species and their habitats worldwide. All of the orchids are protected by WPA 1972 and has been kept in schedule VI. Their trade is regulated and managed by CITIES globally.
Conservation of orchids in India is being managed by both in-situ and ex-situ approaches. All protected areas provide in- situ conservation. National orchadias at Shilong, Yurcaud and Howrah along with other orchadias maintenance in North Indian states provide legal ex- situ conservation in India.
FAMOUS ORCHIDS OF THE WORLD
Some of the most beautiful orchids in the world include the Ghost Orchid, the Rothschild’s Slipper Orchid, and the Queen of the Night. These captivating species showcase the diversity and beauty of orchids, captivating enthusiasts and researchers alike.
DISTRIBUTION OF ORCHIDS IN INDIA
In India, orchids thrive in diverse ecosystems ranging from the Himalayas to the Western Ghats, with approximately 1,500 species documented 1256 species as per traffic India reports. Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim harbor around 40% of total orchid diversity of country. Nearly 300 species are endemic to India.
Source: Orchids of India, botanical survey of India, 2019, Orchid diversity of India, national research centre for orchids, ICAR, 2006
DISTRIBUTON OF ORCHIDS WORLDWIDE
Globally, orchids are found on every continent except Antarctica, with the majority concentrated in tropical regions. There are over 29,500 species of orchids worldwide, showcasing a remarkable diversity in forms, colors, and habitats.
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If you’re visiting Kanha to witness the stunning orchid species and explore the rich biodiversity of the region, consider staying at Kanha Earth Lodge, one of the best 5-star resorts in Kanha National Park. Nestled in the heart of the wilderness, our eco-friendly resort offers a serene and immersive experience, perfect for nature lovers. After a day spent discovering the unique orchids and wildlife of Kanha, unwind in the comfort of our lodge, designed to blend seamlessly with the natural surroundings. It’s the ideal retreat for those looking to connect with nature while enjoying luxurious amenities.
Written by Shashank Arya, Naturalist at Pugdundee Safaris
